The Internet is the foundation of our Modern era, we can't expect even a single day without the Internet. From small startups to Big enterprises, everyone utilizes the Internet. The Internet has become an essential tool for individuals and businesses alike. We come through a long journey to this result, which includes various networking models and research.
Birth of Internet: ARPANET
It was the time of the Cold War Era (the 1960s), and war is going on between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR). USSR launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. To compete, the United States launched a secure and resilient communication system, ARPANET.
It was developed by the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was designed to provide communication and information sharing among research institutions and universities.
In December 1969, A Four node network was established by adding the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), University of Utah, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) for data transmission.
As research progressed, the set of rules and protocols was defined for communication between devices or networks over to the Internet, called Internet protocol suite (IPS).
In 1974, Bob Kahn and vint cerf published research that evolved into Transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) under Internet Protocol Suite(IPS). ARPANET Development was centred around the Request for Comment ( RFS ) process, which is still in use today for proposing and distributing internet protocols and systems. The Internet Society (1992) is responsible for the Internet standards and protocols (HTTP, TCP, IP etc.), which handle RFCs and define rules for the IPS.
Then, Tim-Berner Lee invented World wide web while working at CERN in 1989, which is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. It was the first web browser of its time.
How Internet works?
We all are connected through submarine cables, also known as undersea cables and submarine communication cables. These cables are made up of optical fibre and consist of different protective layers. Data comes to the ISPs (Internet Service Providers e.g.: Jio, Airtel etc) via these cables, and Then we get data access.
Now you are reading this blog, Have you thought that how you are accessing a blog that is written by someone on the internet ??
Internet works at client-server architecture, Client sends requests to the server and then the server responds to the client with the result. Like we asked for google.com in the browser and immediately browser displays the home page of google.com.
By using the dev-tool of the browser we can observe all the data packets which we are receiving from the server and important to render the web page.
Networking Models
OSI Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand how different computer systems communicate with each other. It helps in visualizing and organizing the various tasks and functions involved in data transmission. The OSI model consists of 7 layers, each with its specific role and responsibility.
Application Layer - Provides services for network applications to interact with the network.
Presentation Layer - Handles data representation and ensures compatibility between systems.
Session Layer - Establishes and manages communication sessions between devices.
Transport Layer - Ensures reliable and efficient data delivery.
Network Layer - Routes data packets across multiple networks.
Data-link Layer - Manages error-free communication between neighbouring devices.
Physical Layer - Handles the physical transmission of data through cables and signals.
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model is a concise practical model with 4 layers. Internet layer introduced in this model which consists of four layers of the OSI model
Network Interface Layer: Handles the physical connection and data transmission on a specific network technology.
Internet Layer: Manages addressing and routing of data packets across networks using IP.
Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data delivery using protocols like TCP (connection-oriented) or UDP (connectionless).
Application Layer: Provides protocols and services for applications to communicate over the internet.
Protocols
Protocols are a set of rules or guidelines that govern how devices communicate and interact with each other in a network. They define the format, order, and timing of data transmission, ensuring that devices can understand and interpret the information being exchanged.
Internet Protocol (IP): Assigns unique addresses to devices and routes data packets.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Ensures secure and reliable data delivery.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP): Faster, connectionless protocol for time-sensitive applications.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Transfers web page content.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Transfers files between devices.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Sends and receives email messages.
Domain Name System (DNS): Translates domain names into IP addresses.
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